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1. Waterscapes.
   Using plant systems to treat wastewater
   Hélène Izembart, Bertrand Le Boudec
   
   series: Land and Scape
   
   
   Although modern wastewater treatment plants are able to treat such pollution their techniques are not applicable to small municipalities, and especially not to private houses. Through precise analysis of thirty examples of wastewater treatment plants located in different European countries and in the USA, the authors demonstrate the benefits of using water plants in the treatment of wastewater for all kinds of typologies and communities. The different examples are analysed from a functional angle and as an important element of consideration when planning landscape.
   
   
   192 pp
   21 x 15 cm
   Paperback
   english/español
   ISBN: 978-84-252-1886-6
   
   Excerpts of:
   Waterscapes. - Hélène Izembart, Bertrand Le Boudec
   
   Extract of the Prologue by Hélène Izembart / Bertrand Le Boudec
   
   Why re-treat water?
   Soft water is a marvellous resource but it is not inexhaustible. It represents no more than 0.1% of the water in the world and continuously circulates in the form of rain from evaporation or from the displacement of evaporation. Wastewater is integrated within this cycle through infiltration or runoff and can therefore pollute receiving waters, destroy aquatic life and represent a danger for man through contact (bathing) or the contamination of drinking water.
   World consumption of water is constantly increasing. France, for example, doubles its consumption every ten years. What is more, everyone knows that the quantities of water used vary according to countries and standards of living: a European uses 70 times more water than an inhabitant of Ghana. An American 300 times more... The responsibility of rich countries in the preservation of resources is therefore essential, both in terms of quantity and quality. European legislation has set minimum standards for water treatment that will force all towns of more than 2,000 inhabitants to treat wastewater in treatment plants by 2005. Only appropriate treatment will be required below such a population threshold.
   
   The reality of a natural phenomenon
   Nature's capacity for self-purification is not a recent discovery. It was already known about in Greek and Chinese Antiquity. The oldest system, lagooning, is derived from observing ponds. It is used all around the world, in equatorial climates as well as in places like Alaska. As an indication, there are 2,500 in France and 7,500 in the United States, the oldest of which, Lake Mitchell in San Antonio (Texas), has been in service since 1901.
   Research conducted in the 1950s to gain a better understanding of these ecosystems made it possible to optimise such phenomena, leading to new solutions that curiously remained confidential.
   Techniques are now known which require small surfaces and little maintenance, are inexpensive and do not produce unpleasant smells. What is more, the wastewater in some of these processes no longer needs to be in the open air, which offers applications in developing countries subjected to malaria.
   
   Research and the dissemination of information
   Beyond simply presenting aesthetic solutions this book seeks to understand the biological phenomena that are not traditionally a part of landscaping culture. Although we are not scientists we have tried to summarise them and communicate them. We have also tried to meet a wide range of professionals who may be partners in, or the builders of, the wastewater treatment gardens of the future. Needless to say, travel also provides opportunities for verifying that the way nature is perceived is indeed a part of a culture and that in each country different approaches to environmental issues are adopted.
   
   Index of contents of:
   Waterscapes. Using plant systems to treat wastewater - Hélène Izembart, Bertrand Le Boudec
   
   Contents:
   
   Acknowledgements
   Foreword
   Prologue
   Some information
   
   Solutions for small projects
   Urban reed beds
   New forms of identity
   Analyses and results
   
   Glossary
   Bibliography